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  MySQL 备份恢复
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  <p>MySQL 的备份方式按备份后的内容可分为全量备份和增量备份，按服务的运行状态可以分为冷备（停库）和热备（非停库），其中热备又可分为逻辑备份和裸文件备份。</p>
<a id="more"></a>
<h2 id="冷备及恢复"><a href="#冷备及恢复" class="headerlink" title="冷备及恢复"></a>冷备及恢复</h2><p>冷备即数据库关闭状态下的备份，数据完整、过程简单且恢复速度快，但会影响业务进行，一般用于非核心业务。</p>
<p>备份时首先停止 MySQL 服务，然后复制整个数据目录到远程备份机或本地，恢复时用已备份的数据目录替换原有的目录并重启 MySQL 服务。相关命令如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#</span># 关闭 MySQL</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">$</span> /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -uroot -p&#123;password&#125; shutdown</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#</span># 上传数据目录至目标机器</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">$</span> scp -r &#123;data directory&#125; &#123;user&#125;@&#123;ip&#125;:&#123;target directory&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#</span># 启动 MySQL</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">$</span> /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe &amp;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="热备及恢复"><a href="#热备及恢复" class="headerlink" title="热备及恢复"></a>热备及恢复</h2><p>热备即数据库运行状态下的备份，不影响现有业务正常进行。</p>
<p>热备分为逻辑备份和裸文件备份，逻辑备份即备份 SQL 语句，恢复时执行备份 SQL，裸文件备份即在底层复制数据文件。</p>
<h3 id="逻辑备份"><a href="#逻辑备份" class="headerlink" title="逻辑备份"></a>逻辑备份</h3><p>逻辑备份可以通过 mysqldump、select … into outfile 及 mydumper 三种方式实现。</p>
<h4 id="mysqldump"><a href="#mysqldump" class="headerlink" title="mysqldump"></a>mysqldump</h4><p>mysqldump 为 MySQL 自带的命令工具，是最基础的备份工具。备份时先从 buffer 中找到需要备份的数据进行备份，如 buffer 中没有则将磁盘中的数据调入 buffer，然后进行备份，最后形成一个可编辑的备份文件。恢复数据时通过 mysql 命令工具进行。</p>
<p>可以通过 <code>/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqldump --help</code> 查看使用说明，以下为一些核心参数：</p>
<ul>
<li>–single-transaction</li>
</ul>
<p>用于保证 InnoDB 一致性，配合 RR 隔离级别使用，直到备份结束，不会读取到本事务开始之后提交的数据。</p>
<ul>
<li>–all-database（-A）</li>
</ul>
<p>备份所有数据库。</p>
<ul>
<li>–master-data</li>
</ul>
<p>在备份出的文件中添加 change master 语句（用于主从复制），该参数包含 1 和 2 两个值，1 时 change master 语句正常，2 时会将 change master 语句注释掉。</p>
<ul>
<li>–dump-slave</li>
</ul>
<p>用于在搭建新从库，在库备份数据，1 时 change master 语句正常，2 时将 change master 语句注释掉。</p>
<ul>
<li>–no-create-info（-t）</li>
</ul>
<p>只备份表数据，不备份表结构。</p>
<ul>
<li>–no-data（-d）</li>
</ul>
<p>只备份表结构，不备份表数据。</p>
<ul>
<li>–complete-insert（-c）</li>
</ul>
<p>使用完整的 insert 语句，包含表中的列信息，可以提高插入效率。</p>
<ul>
<li>–database（-B）</li>
</ul>
<p>指定备份的数据库，如 <code>mysqldump -uroot -pxxx --database db1 db2</code> 。</p>
<ul>
<li>–where={condition}（-w）</li>
</ul>
<p>按条件备份数据。</p>
<p>使用方法如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#</span># 备份全库</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">$</span> /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqldump -uroot -p&#123;password&#125; -A &gt; all_20190102.sql</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#</span># 恢复全库</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">$</span> /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql -uroot -p&#123;password&#125; &lt; all_20190102.sql</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#</span># 备份db1数据库</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">$</span> /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqldump -uroot -p&#123;password&#125; db1 &gt; db1_20190102.sql</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#</span># 恢复db1数据库</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">$</span> /usr/local/mysql/bin.mysql -uroot -p&#123;password&#125; db1 &lt; db1_20190102.sql</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#</span># 备份db1数据库中表t1</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">$</span> /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqldump -uroot -p&#123;password&#125; db1 t1 &gt; t1_20190102.sql</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#</span># 恢复db1数据库中表t1 (导入写库名即可)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">$</span> /usr/local/mysql/bin.mysql -uroot -p&#123;password&#125; db1 &lt; t1_20190102.sql</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#</span># 备份db1数据库表t1中id大于10的记录</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">$</span> /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqldump -uroot -p&#123;password&#125; db1 t1 --where="id&gt;10" &gt; t.sql</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="select-…-into-outfile"><a href="#select-…-into-outfile" class="headerlink" title="select … into outfile"></a>select … into outfile</h4><p>select … into outfile 的恢复速度比 insert 插入要快，但只能备份数据，不能备份表结构。</p>
<p>通过 select … into outfile 备份时，先把备份的数据导出到一个文本文件中，然后通过 load data  方式恢复数据，使用方法如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">mysql&gt; select * from &#123;table name&#125; into outfile &apos;&#123;target file&#125;&apos;;</span><br><span class="line">mysql&gt; load data infile &apos;&#123;target file&#125;&apos; into table &#123;table name&#125;;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<blockquote>
<p>如导出时报 The MySQL server is running with the –secure-file-priv option so it cannot execute this statement 错误，可以通过 <code>show variables like &#39;%secure%&#39;</code> 语句查看相关配置。</p>
<p><code>secure_file_priv = NULL</code> 表示不允许导出到文件，可以在配置文件 my.cnf 中 mysqld 模块下添加 <code>secure_file_priv =</code> ，表示允许导出到任意路径下的文件。</p>
</blockquote>
<h4 id="mydumper"><a href="#mydumper" class="headerlink" title="mydumper"></a>mydumper</h4><p>mydumper 是一个高性能多线程备份工具，备份速度远高于单线程的 mysqldump，数据还原时使用 myloader 工具。</p>
<p>mydumper 需额外安装，本篇文章不做详细介绍。</p>
<h3 id="裸文件备份"><a href="#裸文件备份" class="headerlink" title="裸文件备份"></a>裸文件备份</h3><p>裸文件备份在底层复制数据文件，比逻辑备份速度更快。</p>
<p>Percona 公司的开源项目 XtraBackup 能够对 InnoDB 数据库进行裸文件热备，速度快且安全可靠，备份过程不会锁表，不影响业务。本篇文章不对 XtraBackup 做详细介绍。</p>
 
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